Problem Statement Jan 29, 2013Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the type of diabetes which onsets in adults and children due to body metabolic disorder. This is whereby the body cells either do not respond to insulin or the body stops to produce insulin. This type of diabetes does not always require insulin, and could be reversed through lifestyle change. Type 2 diabetes is mostly a comorbidity of obesity. Like obesity, diabetes is a huge public health concern, a challenge and an economic burden, with $132 billion estimate in 2002 as direct and indirect expenditure on diabetes (Hogan, Dall and Nikolov, 2002).
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Diabetes is an epidemic in the united State and continues to increase with time, but prevalent among the minorities. African Americans are one of the minority groups greatly affected. According to the American Diabetes Association, the risk for diabetes in African American is twice greater than in Caucasians (Haffner, 1978). According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2.7 Million (11.4%) 20 years or older African Americans have diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). Statistics still from CDC show that in 2010, the incidence rate of diabetes was 13 per 1000 in African Americans while it was 7.7 per 1000 in non-Hispanic whites (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). The difference between the two races is huge, with African Americans on the highest risk side.
Diabetes has got its comorbidities, which end up complicating its treatment. Most deaths in diabetic patients are as a result of the comorbidities and not diabetes itself. Data from CDC’s website shows African Americans having higher rates of visual impairment than their white counterparts, with African Americans’ rate of visual impairment with age adjustement being 22.7% and 19% among the whites. Kidney failure also called End stage renal disease-ESRD is more common in blacks with diabetes than the whites with diabetes. In 2001, ESRD incidence rate after age adjustment was, 504.30 per 100,000 in Black males and 356.22 per 100,000 in black females while 222.05 per 100,000 were white males and 176.36 per 100,000 were white females. Amputation of lower limbs is more common in blacks with diabetes with 5.2 per 1,000 as African Americans amputees and 4.4 per 1,000 as white amputees (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004).
In the year 2000, diabetes was ranked the sixth leading cause of death in United States, with African Americans having a death rate twice higher (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). The death rate data from CDC website depicts 49.2 per 100,000 as African American and 22.1 per 100,000 as non-Hispanic whites (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). While in 2009, statistical data published by US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, indicated “age-adjusted diabetes death rate per 100,000 was 40.4 among non-Hispanic blacks and 18.4 for non-Hispanic whites (US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, 2009). So, more African Americans die from diabetes than their white counterparts.
References cited
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2004).Highlights in Minority Health. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/omhd/Highlights/2004/HNov04.htm
Centers for Disease and Control Prevention, (2011). Age-adjusted Incidence of diagnosed diabetes per 1,000 Population Aged 18–79 Years, by Race/Ethnicity, United States, 1997–2010. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/incidence/fig6.htm
Haffner, S. (1978). Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: Risk Factors. American Diabetes Association. American Diabetes Association. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/21/Supplement_3/C3.short
Hogan, P. Dall, T. and Nikolov, P. (2002). Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2002. American Diabetes Association. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/3/917.short
US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, (2009). Diabetes and African Americans. Office of Minority Health. Retrieved from http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/content.aspx?lvl=3&lvlID=5&ID=3017
Diabetes has got its comorbidities, which end up complicating its treatment. Most deaths in diabetic patients are as a result of the comorbidities and not diabetes itself. Data from CDC’s website shows African Americans having higher rates of visual impairment than their white counterparts, with African Americans’ rate of visual impairment with age adjustement being 22.7% and 19% among the whites. Kidney failure also called End stage renal disease-ESRD is more common in blacks with diabetes than the whites with diabetes. In 2001, ESRD incidence rate after age adjustment was, 504.30 per 100,000 in Black males and 356.22 per 100,000 in black females while 222.05 per 100,000 were white males and 176.36 per 100,000 were white females. Amputation of lower limbs is more common in blacks with diabetes with 5.2 per 1,000 as African Americans amputees and 4.4 per 1,000 as white amputees (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004).
In the year 2000, diabetes was ranked the sixth leading cause of death in United States, with African Americans having a death rate twice higher (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). The death rate data from CDC website depicts 49.2 per 100,000 as African American and 22.1 per 100,000 as non-Hispanic whites (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). While in 2009, statistical data published by US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, indicated “age-adjusted diabetes death rate per 100,000 was 40.4 among non-Hispanic blacks and 18.4 for non-Hispanic whites (US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, 2009). So, more African Americans die from diabetes than their white counterparts.
References cited
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2004).Highlights in Minority Health. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/omhd/Highlights/2004/HNov04.htm
Centers for Disease and Control Prevention, (2011). Age-adjusted Incidence of diagnosed diabetes per 1,000 Population Aged 18–79 Years, by Race/Ethnicity, United States, 1997–2010. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/incidence/fig6.htm
Haffner, S. (1978). Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: Risk Factors. American Diabetes Association. American Diabetes Association. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/21/Supplement_3/C3.short
Hogan, P. Dall, T. and Nikolov, P. (2002). Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2002. American Diabetes Association. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/3/917.short
US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, (2009). Diabetes and African Americans. Office of Minority Health. Retrieved from http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/content.aspx?lvl=3&lvlID=5&ID=3017